What system did political machines utilize to reward their supporters?

The correct answer is the spoils system, a practice utilized by political machines to reward their supporters. This system involves giving government jobs and other advantages to individuals based on their political support rather than on merit or qualifications. Originating in the 19th century, the spoils system was rooted in the belief that winning a political office entitled the victors to distribute government jobs to their allies and supporters. This practice fostered loyalty among party members as individuals would be motivated to support the party in hopes of receiving public employment or other benefits.

In contrast, civil service reform aimed to reduce the power of the spoils system by instituting hiring based on merit rather than political affiliation. The meritocratic system emphasizes qualifications and achievements as the basis for selection, which directly opposes the principles behind the spoils system. Competitive bidding refers to the process where multiple parties submit proposals to provide goods or services, and it does not pertain to rewarding political supporters.